Friday 13 May 2011

The names of the kingdoms

Very early on in the process of writing the book I got it into my head to deconstruct the names of the various kingdoms, sub-kingdoms, regions, etc. that the characters know and move through. With hindsight I was a little uneven in my approach but I think I got the level about right.

The first name was Dere. This is better known as Deira but this is a Latin name derived (probably) from a Brythonic original (perhaps Deur). However the road that runs from Edinburgh to York is known as Dere Street so I opted to use this name for the land around York.

Having dropped one Latin name, the next in line was Bernicia. The Brythonic original was something like Bryneich which is not very easy on the tongue, so I went for Bernice as a similar name to Dere.

Then there was the land that the story began in. It is often lumped in with Bernice in general histories but I prefer to think of it as a separate kingdom that was later merged. We only have the Welsh name Din Guaire to apply to the region, which seems to have had its political centre at either Bamburgh, Yeavering, or both. My solution was to assume that the "gu" in Guaire was pronounced as a "w" and so Dinware was coined as an easy way to give a name to the land within which Frith and Bertred were born.

Moving away there was The Mark, which represents the midland realm of Mercia. In West Saxon sources this is often written as Mierce which by i-mutation would suggest an earlier northern spelling something like  Mearc. It is The Mark because there were no other marks (border areas, marches) in existence.

Welsh names, paradoxically, are left pretty much as they are. Gwynedd was for some time going to be "Gwunneth" or something similar but I abandoned this idea in favour of the modern spelling because it lacked the simple elegance of Dere and Bernice.

Similarly the Brythonic kingdoms of Rheged and Gododdin are mentioned several times and no attempt was made to alter those names.

Finally there is the name Gatburgh. A single place-name can change from one form to another in a remarkably short period of time. Bede gives the name as "ad gefrin" but on the whole such Brythonic names did not survive elsewhere in Northumberland, so it seems plausible that at some time there was an attempt to change the name to a more English friendly form. Gat is of course Old English for goat and burgh is a fortified place. Although Gatburgh is technically not fortified it does have the illusion of strength to help it along, and the ancient hillfort on the summit of the Bell may have influenced the name further.